Mutagenicity of Makahiya (Mimosa Pudica) Decoction

Mutagenicity of Makahiya (Mimosa Pudica) Decoction Chapter I BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Plants have been a valuable source of natural products for maintaining human health, and the use of herbal plants as pharmacological treatments of diseases began long ago. A lot of people who are below the poverty line cannot afford the high cost of commercial synthetic medicines from drugstores and thus opt to use local plants within their reach since these can be obtained readily, cheaply and entail easy preparation and application (Racadio, 2008). Mimosa pudica Linn, which is known as â€Å"Makahiya† in Filipino, is a popular ornamental plant, as its leaves fold up when stimulated by touch, heat or wind (Balag-ey, 2009). It is considered as a common weed that abundantly grows here in the Philippines. Aside from ornamental purposes, local folks use the decoction of the plant for relief from common illnesses, such as asthma, dysentery, dysmenorrhea, rheumatoid arthritis, cough, fever, sore throat and a lot more (Castillo, et. al. 2005). One of the major concerns these days on the safety of plant extracts, is their mutagenicity. Mutagenicity refers to a chemical or physical agent’s capacity to cause mutations or genetic alterations. The identification of plant extracts with chemicals or compounds capable of inducing mutations is crucial since mutagenic compounds can potentially induce cancer (Ming, 2014). Makahiya has been discovered to contain mimosine. Mimosine is a toxic alkaloid that possesses an antimitotic activity that blocks the cell cycle and inhibits DNA synthesis (Xuan, et. al., 2013) thus might cause genomic instability. This may be a factor that leads to the onset of genetic mutations. So far, a study done by Jadhav et.al in 2013 shows that Mimosa pudica seeds, after S9 metabolic activation were found to be mutagenic and significant. Based on this premise, the researchers conducted a similar study, but instead of focusing on just the seeds of the plant, the researchers used the whole plant. Most importantly, this study utilized the decoction extract of the plant since this is the one being used by the local folks. Furthermore, the Muta-chromoplate kit was used instead of the standard Ames test used by Jadhav et.al. Objectives of the Study This study aimed to identify the mutagenicity of Makahiya (Mimosa pudica) decoction and fresh ethanolic extract using Muta-ChromoplateTM kit. Specific Objectives 1. To determine the number of wells with color change per plate of Salmonella typhimurium TA100 strain using: a. decoction with S-9 activation b. decoction without S-9 activation c. fresh ethanolic extract with S-9 activation d. fresh ethanolic extract without S-9 activation 2. To interpret the number of wells with color change per plate of Salmonella typhimurium TA100 strain utilizing 0.05 level of significance in the following preparations: a. decoction with S-9 activation b. decoction without S-9 activation c. fresh ethanolic extract with S-9 activation d. fresh ethanolic extract without S-9 activation Null Hypothesis No Hypothesis No Hypothesis Significance of the Study This study is essential and beneficial to the following: Society. The people will be equipped with more information and be aware of the mutagenicity of Makahiya as herbal medicine. Most specifically, they will be aware of the safety of the decoction preparation of the said herb as it is commonly used in a decocted form. Department of Health. With the understanding of the study, the Department of Health will be able to utilize the findings and disseminate information to the people in the City of Davao regarding the mutagenicity of the usage of Makahiya. Researchers. The study may serve as an avenue in enhancing the skills of the researcher, specifically on scientific inquiry. Moreover, this study may guide the researchers to explore further studies on the mutagenicity of Makahiya. Future Researchers. This study may provide invaluable knowledge, values, and expertise in performing research studies among future researchers if and when they plan to conduct a similar study. This study will be helpful when conducting a scientific inquiry on the problems or issues related to the mutagenicity of Makahiya. Scope and Limitations The scope of this experimental study was the determination of the mutagenicity of the decoction and fresh ethanolic extract of Makahiya. The herb was gathered in Davao City and the extracts were prepared in Davao Medical School Foundation, Inc. laboratory, Dr. A. Gahol Street, Bajada, Davao City. There was no utilization of animals as testing subjects. Rather, Muta-Chromo Plate Kit with Salmonella tyhimirium TA100 strain, which was based on the reverse-mutation test, known as â€Å"Ames Test† was used and provided by the EBPI Company. Also, the S9 enzyme activation was through the use of a crude liver extract provided in the kit. Theoretical Framework The theoretical framework of this study was based on a test developed by Bruce Ames, commonly known as the Ames test. In the study conducted by Ames et al. in 1975 (as cited in Razak et al, 2007) they used a test that utilizes a bacterial strain of the Salmonella typhimurium as tool to detect mutations. These S. typhimurium strains also have other characteristics that enhance their ability to detect mutations. Mutation in the histidine biosynthesis gene makes the cell wall of the bacteria more permeable to large molecules. Mutation in a gene responsible for proper excision and repair of DNA damage increases their sensitivity to mutagens. The strains of S. typhimurium are known as auxotrophs which mean that they are unable to produce a required nutrient. The test organism cannot synthesize the amino acid histidine, thus, it will not grow unless the nutrient is supplied in the growth media.Auxotrophs are usually produced as a result of a mutation that occurs in a prototroph, a bacterium that is able to synthesize the particular nutrient. The Ames’ test determines the ability of a tested substance to cause a reversal, also called a back-mutation of these auxotrophs to the original prototrophic state. During the test, auxotrophs are grown in glucose-minimal salts agar plates that contained all required nutrients but only trace amounts of histidine and biotin. The auxotrophs are able to grow for several generations until the histidine in the media was exhausted. This time they will stop growing unless they have sustained a back-mutation that has restored their ability to synthesize histidine. Suspected mutagenic substances were tested for their ability to stimulate back- mutations by placement set on the surface of the minimal agar plates previously inoculated with the auxotroph. The test substance diffused into the surrounding media and, if mutagenic, would induce back-mutations which would then allow growth into visible colonies. The more revertants observed near the test substance, relative to experimental controls, the more mutagenic the substance was likely to be. Conceptual Framework The study aimed to determine the mutagenic activity of decoction and fresh ethanolic extract of Makahiya on Salmonella typhimurium TA100 strain which involved substitution, addition, or deletion of one or a few DNA base pairs. The independent variables were the decoction and fresh ethanolic extract of Makahiya. The dependent variable was the number of wells with color change per plate of Salmonella typhimurium TA100 strain, with and without the addition of the S9 activation enzyme. Independent Variables Dependent Variables Makahiya (M. pudica) Decoction Fresh Ethanolic Extract Number of wells with color change per plate of Salmonella typhimurium TA100 strain: With S-9 enzyme activation Without S-9 enzyme activation Figure 1.1 Conceptual Framework of the study Definition of Terms Ames test.  A test used to determine the mutagenic potential of a substance based on the mutation rate of bacteria that were exposed to the substance. Decoction.  A method that involves boiling in order to extract a plant substance. Fresh ethanolic extract. Extract collected from M. pudica through the use of dilution with 95% ethyl alcohol followed by rotary evaporation process. Makahiya.  Scientific name,Mimosa pudica. The plant sample used in this study. Muta-ChromePlateTM. A 96-well micro-plate version of the Salmonella typhimurium â€Å"Ames Test Mutagenicity.  The capacity to induce mutation. Salmonella typhimurium.  The strain used for the Ames test. It carries mutant gene that prevents them from synthesizing the essential amino acid histidine from the ingredients in standard bacterial culture medium S-9 enzyme. S-9 is a crude liver enzyme extract utilized to mimic mammalian metabolism. This enzyme is purchased together with the kit.

Cleopatra: The Natural Nemesis of Rome Essay -- Rome Cleopatra History

Cleopatra: The Natural Nemesis of Rome Abstract Cleopatra is most often remembered as the lover of two Roman consuls, Julius Caesar and Mark Antony, thereby forever connecting the Egyptian queen to the history of Rome. The stories of her relationships with the two men do not always paint a flattering picture of Cleopatra, as her reported promiscuity and presumption give her a colorful reputation. Cleopatra is also sometimes seen as a misunderstood woman, someone who was never given a fair opportunity to be accepted as the wife of Marc Antony nor the mother of Caesar's child. Some historians and authors use the issue of Cleopatra's race as a reason that she was ostracized from Roman society, saying that the Romans were prejudiced against Egyptians, and despite Cleopatra's Greek background, would never accept her as a suitable mate for a Roman consul. This theory, however, is far outweighed by the numerous justifications the Roman people had for their distaste of Cleoaptra. It is not surprising that Cleopatra never found acceptance in Rome, as she offered nothing to the relationship between Egypt and Rome, she stood for everything they were against, and little by little, she succeeded in destroying parts of the society that the Roman people had worked to build. * * * Cleopatra and the province of Egypt are not accepted by the Romans because the relationship between the two city-states is not equal, as Rome does not benefit from a partnership between the two, although Egypt expects to be treated as a people of equal power and prestige. While it is true that Egypt is a country with great wealth and fertile land, thus able to give to Rome ample amounts of gold and grain, these are not reasons enough to make Rome tolerant of... ...was declared the enemy of Rome; Antony was not even mentioned." Rome would not stand for anyone to alter their lifestyle and Cleopatra could do nothing to gain their acceptance. Works Cited Butts, Mary. Scenes from the Life of Cleopatra. Sun & Moon Press, Los Angelos: 1994. Carter, John M. The Battle of Actium. Hamish Hamilton, London:1970. Cleopatra. Dir. Joseph L. Mankiewicz. Perf. Elizabeth Taylor, Richard Burton, and Rex Harrison. Twentieth Century Fox Productions, 1963. Cleopatra. Prod. Robert Holmes Sr. With Leonora Varela, Timothy Dalton, and Billy Zane. ABC, 1999. Huges-Hallet, Lucy. Cleopatra: Histories, Dreams, and Distortions. Harpers & Row, London: 1990. Masson, Georgina. Ancient Rome: From Romulus to Augustus. The Viking Press, New York: 1973. Weigall, Arthur. The Life and Times of Marc Antony. G.P. Putnam's Sons, New York: 1931. Cleopatra: The Natural Nemesis of Rome Essay -- Rome Cleopatra History Cleopatra: The Natural Nemesis of Rome Abstract Cleopatra is most often remembered as the lover of two Roman consuls, Julius Caesar and Mark Antony, thereby forever connecting the Egyptian queen to the history of Rome. The stories of her relationships with the two men do not always paint a flattering picture of Cleopatra, as her reported promiscuity and presumption give her a colorful reputation. Cleopatra is also sometimes seen as a misunderstood woman, someone who was never given a fair opportunity to be accepted as the wife of Marc Antony nor the mother of Caesar's child. Some historians and authors use the issue of Cleopatra's race as a reason that she was ostracized from Roman society, saying that the Romans were prejudiced against Egyptians, and despite Cleopatra's Greek background, would never accept her as a suitable mate for a Roman consul. This theory, however, is far outweighed by the numerous justifications the Roman people had for their distaste of Cleoaptra. It is not surprising that Cleopatra never found acceptance in Rome, as she offered nothing to the relationship between Egypt and Rome, she stood for everything they were against, and little by little, she succeeded in destroying parts of the society that the Roman people had worked to build. * * * Cleopatra and the province of Egypt are not accepted by the Romans because the relationship between the two city-states is not equal, as Rome does not benefit from a partnership between the two, although Egypt expects to be treated as a people of equal power and prestige. While it is true that Egypt is a country with great wealth and fertile land, thus able to give to Rome ample amounts of gold and grain, these are not reasons enough to make Rome tolerant of... ...was declared the enemy of Rome; Antony was not even mentioned." Rome would not stand for anyone to alter their lifestyle and Cleopatra could do nothing to gain their acceptance. Works Cited Butts, Mary. Scenes from the Life of Cleopatra. Sun & Moon Press, Los Angelos: 1994. Carter, John M. The Battle of Actium. Hamish Hamilton, London:1970. Cleopatra. Dir. Joseph L. Mankiewicz. Perf. Elizabeth Taylor, Richard Burton, and Rex Harrison. Twentieth Century Fox Productions, 1963. Cleopatra. Prod. Robert Holmes Sr. With Leonora Varela, Timothy Dalton, and Billy Zane. ABC, 1999. Huges-Hallet, Lucy. Cleopatra: Histories, Dreams, and Distortions. Harpers & Row, London: 1990. Masson, Georgina. Ancient Rome: From Romulus to Augustus. The Viking Press, New York: 1973. Weigall, Arthur. The Life and Times of Marc Antony. G.P. Putnam's Sons, New York: 1931.

Product Design at Regal Marine

VIDEO CASE STUDY PRODUCT DESIGN AT REGAL MARINE The 7-minute video available from Prentice Hall, filmed specifically for this text, supplements the written case. 1.? The concept of product life cycle applies to Regal Marine because Regal is constantly under pressure to introduce new prod-ucts—and those products have life cycles of relatively few years. As the video suggests, it is a matter of typically less than five years before a boat is out of style and its life cycle terminated. This is a long life cycle compared to a newspaper or magazine, but if you are the production manager it seems rather short. 2.? Regal Marine uses a strategy of product differentiation, which constantly introduces new products with new innovations and new styling to stay competitive in the luxury performance boat market. 3.? The cost and time saving at Regal Marine through use of CAD is typical of the use of CAD everywhere. It allows a variety of designs and styles to be tested very economically. The ratio of savings of engineering talent is about four to one. Most important-ly, it allows them to be creative economically and rapidly. 4.? The payoff from CAD is not only evident in efficiency, crea-tive designs, and styling but by production of the code necessary for the numerical machines, such as the machines used to make the plugs in Washington state and for those applications of the numerical control machines at Regal Marine. CAD also provides, as a by-product, very effective and comprehensive documentation of design variables.

Does Religion Have On Healthcare - 2655 Words

What impact does religion have on healthcare? Most individuals believe that religion and prayer play a big part in healthcare but they still believe in conventional and modern day medicine. Hospitals across the country even implement chaplain services for families. However, there are some religions that do not believe in certain medical procedures or any kind of medical interventions. Religion and medical interventions usually don’t counteract each other but in certain religions it does. What happens when this religion affects the health of a child? Adults have the right to refuse medical care for themselves, but is it morally acceptable to refuse medical treatment for children because of the beliefs of the parents? Religion can be†¦show more content†¦Nevertheless, should children be exempt from religious beliefs for their own well-being and how old do they have to be before they can decide their own fate? Jehovah witnesses believe in medical care but they do n ot believe in blood transfusions. Their belief stems from certain passages in the bible that say to abstain from blood. These passages include, â€Å"Only flesh with its soul-its blood-you must not eat† (Genesis 9:3-4); â€Å"Abstain from†¦fornication and from what is strangled and from blood† (Acts 15:19-21). â€Å" You must not eat the blood of any sort of flesh, because the soul of every sort of flesh is its blood. I will set my face against the person who eats blood†¦Anyone eating it will be cut off† (Leviticus 17:10, 13-14)(Catlin, 1996, p. 195).† They have the ideation that if they receive blood they will not be able to enter into kingdom of heaven. Jehovah witnesses generally carry a form of identification with them incase of an emergency indicating that they do not want to receive blood transfusions. This identification can be a medical bracelet or necklace, a card in their wallet, or possibly even a tattoo that identifies them (C atlin, 1996). There are many cases where Jehovah Witnesses have refused blood transfusions for their children. An example of a case that shows this is the case of a little boy who had sickle cell anemia. Sickle cell anemia is a form of an anemia in which the red blood cells become sickled and damaged and